Buffer management in vector graphics hardware

ABSTRACT

A graphics processor or a graphics block for use in a processor includes a type buffer used for determining if a currently processed pixel requires further processing. Each pixel has a number of sub-pixels and each sub-pixel line includes at least one counter that is stored in an edge buffer. A limited edge buffer that can store edge buffer values in a limited range can be employed. Each buffer can include information regarding the whole screen or a portion of thereof. The edge buffer also can be an external or internal buffer, and when implemented internally, the graphics processor or graphics block need not employ a bi-directional bus.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED DOCUMENTS

The present invention is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/272,867 of TUOMI, entitled “BUFFER MANAGEMENT IN VECTOR GRAPHICSHARDWARE,” filed Nov. 15, 2005, and is related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/272,866 of TUOMI, entitled “VECTOR GRAPHICSANTI-ALIASING,” filed Nov. 15, 2005, the entire disclosures of all ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to buffer management, and moreparticularly to buffer management in vector graphics hardware.

2. Discussion of the Background

In recent years, vector graphics systems and algorithms have beendeveloped for achieving robust and exact visualization, and have beenemployed in demanding software applications, such as in computer aideddesign, graphics applications, and the like. The benefit of theemploying vector graphics, include scalability without the loss ofgraphics quality. The vector in a drawing or a plan typically includes astarting point, a direction, and a length or an ending point. Thus, aline can be represented using vector graphics with reduced information,as compared to having to indicate each pixel of the line, as with othermethods. Furthermore, the vector need not be a direct line, as curves,and the like, also can be employed, and including additionalinformation, for example, for defining a curve. The corresponding formatemployed during the execution of a corresponding graphical application,the file format for storing the corresponding graphical information, thefundamentals of vector graphics and the corresponding softwareapplications employed, and the like, are well known and will not bedescribed in detail herein.

In addition, certain graphics standards have been developed, such theOpenVG 1.0 standard by Khronos group of Jul. 28, 2005, incorporated byreference herein, and which includes an application programminginterface (API) for hardware accelerated two-dimensional vector andraster graphics applications. The standard provides a device independentand vendor-neutral interface for sophisticated two-dimensional graphicalapplications, while allowing device manufacturers to provide hardwareacceleration on devices ranging from wrist watches, to fullmicroprocessor-based desktop systems, to server machines, and the like.

The standard provides an interface for a set of functions that can beimplemented by hardware and/or software drivers for rasterization,filling of polygons, and the like. In the standard, two different fillrules, a non-zero and an odd/even rule, are implemented, and aredescribed at page 72 of the standard. The basic principle of suchfilling technique employs the fact that each edge of a polygon has adirection, such that when the filling procedure arrives at the edge fromthe left, the filling procedure detects if the edge is going up or down.If the edge is going upwards, a counter is increased, and if the edge isgoing downwards, the counter is decreased. The value of the counter isstored in a buffer for each pixel on the screen. However, the pixels arefurther divided into sub-pixels, wherein the counter values must bestored for each line of each sub-pixel, requiring even larger buffers.

The above technique presents a problem for compact hardwareimplementations, and the like, and which may limit the buffer size, forexample, due to manufacturing considerations, cost considerations, andthe like. For example, if a mobile device has a display resolution of176×208 pixels, and each pixel is divided into 16×16 sub-pixels, and an8-bit counter is employed for each line, a buffer of 585728 bytes isneeded. However, a buffer of such size may not be practical forintegration on a graphics hardware accelerator of such a mobile device.Furthermore, merely adding more memory to the graphics hardwareaccelerator may not be practical, for example, due to the commonevolvement in manufacturing processes, a need for bigger graphicsresolutions, and the like.

One solution is to use the main memory of the device for implementingthe above-noted buffer. However, such a solution results in increasedtraffic on limited bandwidth buses between the graphics accelerator andthe main memory.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, there is a need for decreasing traffic on buses between amain memory, and a graphics accelerator, as described above. The aboveand other problems are addressed by the exemplary embodiments of thepresent invention, which provide an exemplary hardware implementedvector graphics solution. The exemplary embodiments can be employed withvarious graphical applications, including computer graphicsapplications, and the like, and in particular handheld deviceapplications, low computing capacity device applications, memory limiteddevice applications, and the like.

Accordingly, in exemplary embodiments of the present invention there areprovided a graphics processor, a graphics processing unit, a functionalblock for a graphics processor, a graphics device, and the like, forprocessing vector graphics primitives, and the like. The exemplaryembodiments can include counters for storing a value indicating acurrent state of a fill rule for each of a sub-pixel sampling point. Thecounter values are stored in a memory that can be an internal memory ofthe graphics processor or an external memory, for example, aconventional memory of a device. The exemplary embodiments further caninclude a bus for receiving instructions and primitives. If the memoryis an internal memory, the bus is unidirectional, and if the memory isexternal, the bus is bidirectional for transmitting requests to thememory. Accordingly, the memory is used for storing the values of eachof the counters.

The exemplary embodiments further can include a first internal bufferarranged to store at least one indicator bit value for each pixel.Typically, the internal buffer has values having a length of one or twobits. However, different bit lengths can be employed, as needed. Theexemplary embodiments further can include determination logic arrangedto determine whether or not to retrieve a counter value from the memorybased on the indicator bit values. The indicator bits of the firstbuffer include a value for indicating that a value of a counter has notchanged. Furthermore, the indicator bits of the first buffer include avalue for indicating that a value of a counter has to be retrieved fromthe memory, which can be internal or external, depending on a givenimplementation, as described above.

The exemplary embodiments can include a second internal buffer arrangedto store limited values for each counter, and the determination logiccan be further arranged to determine whether or not to retrieve thecounter value from the second buffer. The indicator bits of the firstbuffer further can include values for indicating a range of the secondbuffer from which the limited value of each counter can be retrieved.

In an exemplary embodiment, polygons can be processed in tiles, wherein,advantageously, the internal memories employed need not be allocated forthe whole screen, but rather a portion thereof. The tile size can be,for example, 32×32 pixels. In further exemplary embodiments such a sizecan be chosen depending on a given implementation, and various otherhardware architectures can be employed for the internal memory, theinternal buffers, and the like, as will be appreciated by those skilledin the hardware art(s).

Advantageously, the exemplary embodiments can be employed to reducetraffic in a bus between a graphics accelerator and an external mainmemory, by employing the internal memory in the graphics processor, andwhich is faster than the external main memory that is addressed over thebus. As the exemplary embodiments include the counter information in thefirst or the second buffers internal to the graphics processor,advantageously, the main memory need not be addressed for every pixel,resulting in a solution that is beneficial and faster than conventionalapproaches to solving the above-noted problem. Furthermore, with theexemplary embodiments, the first buffer and the second buffer can bereduced in size, advantageously, allowing integration thereof in agraphics processor, and resulting in minimizing of manufacturing costs.

Still other aspects, features, and advantages of the present inventionare readily apparent from the following detailed description, byillustrating a number of exemplary embodiments and implementations,including the best mode contemplated for carrying out the presentinvention. The present invention is also capable of other and differentembodiments, and its several details can be modified in variousrespects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the presentinvention. Accordingly, the drawings and descriptions are to be regardedas illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way ofexample, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of theaccompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer tosimilar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary graphical device, according to thepresent invention; and

FIG. 2 illustrates a further exemplary graphical device, according tothe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designateidentical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and moreparticularly to FIGS. 1 and 2 thereof, there are illustrated exemplarygraphical devices, according to exemplary embodiments. As will beappreciated by those skilled in the hardware art(s), the bit values anddata type lengths employed in the exemplary embodiments are forexemplary purposes, and in further exemplary embodiments can beselected, for example, depending on the overall design of thecorresponding graphics module, and the like. In an exemplary embodiment,the exemplary graphics module can be part of a graphics processor unit,which can be a part of a graphics card, and the like. In furtherexemplary embodiments, for example, such in embedded systemapplications, and the like, the graphics processor unit can includefurther functionality for producing graphics, and the like. Thus, agraphics processor unit according to further exemplary embodiments caninclude further functionality in addition to the functionality of theexemplary embodiments.

In FIG. 1, the exemplary graphical device 10 can include, for example, amobile telephone, a video graphics card, and the like, and, thus, caninclude further components that need not be described with respect tothe exemplary embodiments, but which can be employed for a givenapplication. The exemplary embodiments, for example, can be implementedin a graphics processor unit 11, and the like, and which can includeother functionality 15 that need not be described with respect to theexemplary embodiments, but which can be configured for a givenapplication. The exemplary embodiments can be implemented via logic 12(e.g., configured to determine whether or not to retrieve and toretrieve counter value from a memory based on indicator bit values), andinternal buffers 13 and 14. Furthermore, an external memory 16 connectedvia a bus 17 can be employed, as shown in FIG. 1. However, the externalmemory 16 need not be employed, for example, if the exemplaryembodiments are implemented in an internal memory of a graphicsprocessor. If the external memory 16 is employed, a bi-directional bus17 can be provided, as shown in FIG. 1. Otherwise, a unidirectional buscan be employed. In addition, other components in the graphicsprocessing unit 11 may employ a bi-directional bus or unidirectionalbus, as needed.

The exemplary embodiments are based on an exemplary architecture, whichcan include three different memory areas that are employed for storingthe information for producing a graphical image. The first memory area,which is referred to as an edge buffer 25, can include the completeinformation for the previously described filling operation. Each pixelincludes sub-pixels that typically have a sampling point on eachsub-pixel line. Thus, the allocated memory depends on the chosenresolution for each corresponding parameter. For example, for an actualscreen resolution of 176×208 pixels, as is common for current mobilephone applications, and the like, each pixel is divided into 16×16sub-pixels, with each sub-pixel line employing a corresponding 8-bitcounter, resulting in a memory allocation of 585,728 bytes for thecorresponding counters. The counters are used in the above-noted fillingtechnique, and are employed because the complete information may not beavailable. The corresponding 585,728 bytes of memory can be configuredas an internal or an external memory. However, it may not possible tomanufacture such a memory as an internal memory, for example, because ofmanufacturing costs, and the like, and in which case an external memorycan be employed and accessed with a bi-directional bus for requesting avalue for each counter value when necessary, as shown in FIG. 1.

The two other memories according to the exemplary embodiments includeinternal buffers 13 and 14, wherein the first internal buffer 13 can beconfigured as a type buffer 23, and the second internal buffer 14 can beconfigured as a limited edge buffer 24, for example, when there are nochanges in filling rules for each pixel or sub-pixel. Thus, with theexemplary embodiments, advantageously, requests to the external memorycan be avoided, minimized, and the like.

In an exemplary embodiment, the first internal buffer 13 can beconfigured to have a resolution of two bits for each pixel. Thus, thecorresponding memory allocation employed is 176×208/4 bytes, whichequals 9,152 bytes, and which is considerably less than that needed forimplementing a complete edge buffer 25. The exemplary values for thetype buffer 23 can include and indicate, for example:

00=No information

01=Limited edge buffer, range −1 . . 2

10=Limited edge buffer, range −2 . . 1

11=edge buffer in the external memory

The exemplary values indicate from where the filling information foreach pixel can be retrieved. For example, a value of 00 can indicatethat there is no information available for the current pixels, whichmeans that the state of the filling rule does not change on a currentpixel. Thus, no further processing need be performed, as all of thecounters have the same values as in the previous pixel. Values 01 and 10can be used to indicate that information is stored in the secondinternal buffer 14, which can be a limited edge buffer 24. Thesignificance of the corresponding ranges is further described below withrespect to the second internal buffer 14. The value 11 indicates thatthe counter value cannot be stored in the limited edge buffer 24, butrather can be retrieved from the complete edge buffer 25. According tothe exemplary embodiments, the first internal buffer 13 is processedfirst. Thus, to clear the buffers, each value in the first internalbuffer 13 can be set to 00. While computing the edge information, thefirst internal buffer 13 can be modified, for example, only wheninformation is to be stored to the other buffers. Thus, outdatedinformation stored into other buffers is not accessed, when the value ofthe type buffer 23 is set to 00.

As the counters are assigned for each line of sub-pixels, the secondinternal buffer 14 includes more information, because there are 16counters for each pixel. In an exemplary embodiment, the information inthe second internal buffer 14 also has a length of two bits, but it isassigned for each sub-pixel sampling point. Thus, each pixel has 32-bitsof information, for an implementation employing a 16×16 resolution.Advantageously, a 32-bit length can be covered with a single doubleword. However, in further exemplary embodiments, any suitable length,for example, depending on a given application can be employed, as willbe appreciated by those skilled in the hardware art(s). In the currentexample, the second internal buffer 14 employs 146,432 bytes, and whichis considerably less than that needed for the complete information.

With the exemplary embodiments, as two bits of information can beemployed for the values 01 and 10, four different numbers can berepresented. In addition, as the information can be signed, thepossibilities for the values 01 and 10 can include − . . +2, and −2 . .+1, respectively. The selection of such a range can be indicated in thetype buffer 23, wherein in most cases, such a range is sufficient forcovering the changes within one pixel, advantageously, reducing accessesto the complete edge buffer 25. In an exemplary embodiment, the rangecan be different for different pixels, but within one pixel a singlerange can be applied. Thus, if either of the ranges is not acceptable,the type buffer 23 can be set to a value indicating that the countervalue can be retrieved from the complete edge buffer 25.

According to the exemplary embodiments, data lengths can vary dependingon a given application. However, if the type buffer 23, which is thefirst internal buffer 13, has a data length of one bit, suchimplementation need not employ the second internal buffer 14. In thiscase, the type buffer 23 need only indicate if the counter value has tobe retrieved from an edge buffer that is stored in the external memory16. Such implementation is possible, but is not as efficient as theimplementation of the example described above. However, suchimplementation may be employed and may be desirable, for example, if itis not possible to provide sufficient internal memory. In addition, thememory demand for the one-bit type buffer 23 implementation is one halfthat of the two-bit implementation.

In FIG. 2, the exemplary graphics device 20 can include a graphicsprocessing unit 21. In an exemplary embodiment, the screen can beprocessed in tiles, wherein, advantageously, the corresponding memoryand internal buffers need not be allocated for the whole screenresolution. If the memory is an external memory, it can be allocated forthe whole screen. Advantageously, with the tiled implementation, thecorresponding memory can be an internal memory, due to a reduced needfor memory size. Such an internal memory can be used for storing thecomplete edge buffer 25 for the whole tile. For example, if a 32×32pixel tile is used, there can be employed 16,384 bytes for the completeedge buffer 25. If the type buffer 23, which is the first internalbuffer 13, has 2-bit values, there can be employed 256 bytes for thetype buffer 23. If the limited edge buffer 24, which is the secondinternal buffer 14, is employed and has 2-bit values for each sub-pixelline, there can be employed 4,096 bytes for the limited edge buffer 24.If the limited edge buffer 24 is not employed and the type buffer 23 has1-bit values, the type buffer 23 need only employ 128 bytes.Advantageously, the memory employed can be adjusted by choosing the tilesize without losing the resolution of the values in the buffers. Whenthe type buffer 23, the edge buffer 25, and possibly the limited edgebuffer 24 are stored internal to the graphics processing unit 21, thebus 27 can be configured as a unidirectional bus. The bus 27 canconfigured for receiving instructions and data from other components 28,such as CPU, main memory, and the like. The logic 22 and the otherfunctionality 26 can function as in the exemplary embodiments of FIG. 1.In addition to tiles, in further exemplary embodiments, the screen canbe divided into parts or in other ways, can by processed by scan lines,and the like, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the hardwareart(s).

Although the exemplary embodiments are described in terms ofimplementation as part of a graphics processor unit, the exemplaryembodiments can be implemented as a graphics block included in anysuitable processor unit, and the like, as will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the hardware art(s). The novel aspects of the exemplaryembodiments include the logic 22, the type buffer 23, and the edgebuffer 25, but may further include the limited edge buffer 24, and thelike. The remaining components, for example, such as the bus 27, and thelike, can depend on the needs of a given host processor. Advantageously,the exemplary embodiments need not employ a bi-directional bus, eventhough busses typically are bidirectional in general-purpose processors,graphics processors, and the like.

In the tiled exemplary embodiment, the processor unit or graphics block21 can be configured to process the screen tile by tile. Once a tile isprocessed, it need not be further employed and can be discarded.Advantageously, the respective tile memory can be re-used by clearingthe type buffer 23. As only the data related to the currently processedtile is known, in an exemplary embodiment, appropriate rules can beemployed, for example, for controlling the information related toadjacent tiles, and the like. For example, in a typical drawing process,operating from left to right, a currently processed tile can employinformation from the left neighbor tile, and may pass information to theright neighbor tile.

In an exemplary embodiment, the processing of the complete image can bestarted from the left. Thus, the first case to be handled is a situationwherein a polygon is not completely in view, but rather is partially outon the left side. In this situation, the portion of the edge exceedingthe left border is forced to the left border. If the whole edge isoutside the leftmost tile, the complete edge can be forced to the leftborder of the tile. When the edge is forced to the left border, each ofthe counters can be changed to produce an image rendered correctly inthe visible part of the polygon. Without such forcing, some of thecounters would not be changed and this would cause a situation, whereina part of the pixel would be interpreted as being within the polygon,while another part of the pixel would be interpreted as being outsidethe polygon. Since the fill rule works cumulatively, all of the countervalues in the same horizontal line before the currently processedcounter value may need to be known. Thus, the values outside the imagecan be computed in the left border. The leftmost border can be computedin a similar manner, even if the tiled embodiment is not employed.

When the first tile has been processed, the data affecting the secondtile can be transferred to the second tile, in various different ways,as will be appreciated by those skilled in the hardware art(s). Forexample, counters can be employed for passing the values of thesub-pixel counters to the next tile. However, if an edge crosses asub-pixel so that it is not considered to be within the pixel, theresult will not be correct in the next pixel, if this is not taken intoaccount. Thus, when the tile is not the leftmost tile, the edges alsocan be computed one pixel to the left from the tile currently beingprocessed. In this case, the edges are not forced on the left border, aswith the leftmost tile.

Similarly, the corresponding information is transferred to the nexttile, until the rightmost tile is reached. In the rightmost tile, theinformation needs to be received from the previous tile, as previouslydescribed. However, such information need not be transferred further, asthe rest of the edges are out of view. When the rightmost tile has beenprocessed, the rendering moves to the next tile line, and starts fromthe leftmost tile, as described above. This process can be repeateduntil the rightmost tile of the last tile line has been processed. Atthis stage, the current polygon is considered processed, and the aboveprocessing can be repeated with the next polygon, until all of thepolygons have been processed.

The exemplary embodiments can receive the edges from an edge feedercomponent, configured to send all of the edges that hit on the screen ortile, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the hardware art(s). Inaddition, in the case of the leftmost tile or complete screenimplementation, the edges to the left of the present tile also can besent, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the hardware art(s).

The exemplary embodiments can be included within any suitable device,for example, including any suitable servers, workstations, PCs, laptopcomputers, PDAs, Internet appliances, handheld devices, cellulartelephones, wireless devices, other devices, and the like, capable ofperforming the processes of the exemplary embodiments, and which cancommunicate via one or more interface mechanisms, including, forexample, Internet access, telecommunications in any suitable form (e.g.,voice, modem, and the like), wireless communications media, one or morewireless communications networks, cellular communications networks, G3communications networks, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTNs),Packet Data Networks (PDNs), the Internet, intranets, a combinationthereof, and the like.

It is to be understood that the exemplary embodiments are for exemplarypurposes, as many variations of the specific hardware used to implementthe exemplary embodiments are possible, as will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the hardware art(s). For example, the functionality of one ormore of the components of the exemplary embodiments can be implementedvia one or more hardware devices.

The exemplary embodiments can store information relating to variousprocesses described herein. This information can be stored in one ormore memories, such as a hard disk, optical disk, magneto-optical disk,RAM, and the like. One or more databases can store the information usedto implement the exemplary embodiments of the present inventions. Thedatabases can be organized using data structures (e.g., records, tables,arrays, fields, graphs, trees, lists, and the like) included in one ormore memories or storage devices listed herein. The processes describedwith respect to the exemplary embodiments can include appropriate datastructures for storing data collected and/or generated by the processesof the devices and subsystems of the exemplary embodiments in one ormore databases.

All or a portion of the exemplary embodiments can be implemented by thepreparation of application-specific integrated circuits or byinterconnecting an appropriate network of conventional componentcircuits, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the electricalart(s).

As stated above, the components of the exemplary embodiments can includecomputer readable medium or memories according to the teachings of thepresent inventions and for holding data structures, tables, records,and/or other data described herein. Computer readable medium can includeany suitable medium that participates in providing instructions to aprocessor for execution. Such a medium can take many forms, includingbut not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, transmissionmedia, and the like. Non-volatile media can include, for example,optical or magnetic disks, magneto-optical disks, and the like. Volatilemedia can include dynamic memories, and the like. Transmission media caninclude coaxial cables, copper wire, fiber optics, and the like.Transmission media also can take the form of acoustic, optical,electromagnetic waves, and the like, such as those generated duringradio frequency (RF) communications, infrared (IR) data communications,and the like. Common forms of computer-readable media can include, forexample, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, anyother suitable magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, CDRW, DVD, any other suitableoptical medium, punch cards, paper tape, optical mark sheets, any othersuitable physical medium with patterns of holes or other opticallyrecognizable indicia, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any othersuitable memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave or any other suitablemedium from which a computer can read.

While the present inventions have been described in connection with anumber of exemplary embodiments, and implementations, the presentinventions are not so limited, but rather cover various modifications,and equivalent arrangements, which fall within the purview ofprospective claims.

1. A processor unit for processing vector graphics primitives, theprocessor unit comprising: counters configured to store a valueindicating a current state of a fill rule for each of a sub-pixelsampling point for a pixel; a first internal buffer configured to storeat least one indicator bit value for each pixel; and determination logicconfigured to determine whether to retrieve and to retrieve the countervalue from a memory based on the indicator bit values.
 2. The processorunit of claim 1, wherein the processor unit is further configured toclear said memory by resetting said indicator bit values from said firstinternal buffer.
 3. The processor unit of claim 1, the processor unitfurther comprising a bus, wherein said processor is configured toreceive instructions and data from said bus
 4. The processor unit ofclaim 3, wherein in said bus is a unidirectional bus.
 5. The processorunit of claim 1, further comprising: a second internal buffer configuredto store limited values for each counter, wherein the determinationlogic is further configured to determine whether to retrieve the limitedcounter values from the second buffer.
 6. The processor unit of claim 5,wherein the processor unit is further configured to clear said memoryand said second internal buffer by resetting said indicator bit valuesfrom said first internal buffer.
 7. The processor unit of claim 5,wherein the indicator bits of the first buffer include a value forindicating that a value of the counter has not changed.
 8. The processorunit of claim 5, wherein the indicator bits of the first buffer includea value for indicating that a value of the counter has to be retrievedfrom an external memory.
 9. The processor unit of claim 5, wherein theindicator bits of the first buffer include values for indicating a rangeof the second buffer from which the limited value of each counter isretrieved.
 10. The processor unit of claim 1, wherein the memory is anexternal memory configured to store counter values for each pixel to beprocessed.
 11. The processor unit of claim 1, wherein the memory is aninternal memory configured to store counter values for each pixel to beprocessed.
 12. The processor unit of claim 1, wherein a memory isconfigured to store complete counter values for each sub-pixel having acounter.
 13. The processor unit of claim 1, wherein the processor unitfurther comprises: an internal memory arranged to store a portion of thecomplete counter values.
 14. The processor unit of claim 13, wherein theportion is a scan line.
 15. The processor unit of claim 13, wherein theportion is a tile.
 16. A processor unit for processing vector graphicsprimitives, the processor unit comprising: an internal memory configuredto store a portion of vector graphics primitives; and wherein saidportion of vector graphics primitives is a tile corresponding to aportion of the memory wherein said vector graphics primitives arestored.
 17. The processor unit of claim 16, wherein the processor unitfurther comprising: counters configured to store a value indicating acurrent state of a fill rule for each of a sub-pixel sampling point fora pixel.
 18. A handheld device, comprising: a display; a processing unitfor processing vector graphics primitives, and including: countersconfigured to store a value indicating a current state of a fill rulefor each of a sub-pixel sampling point for a pixel, a first internalbuffer configured to store at least one indicator bit value for eachpixel, a memory for storing data, and determination logic configured todetermine whether to retrieve and to retrieve the counter value from amemory based on the indicator bit values.
 19. The handheld device ofclaim 18, wherein the handheld device is further configured to clearsaid memory by resetting said indicator bit values from said firstinternal buffer.
 20. The handheld device of claim 18, the handhelddevice further comprising a bus, wherein said processing unit isconfigured to receive instructions and data from said bus
 21. Thehandheld device of claim 18, wherein in said bus is a unidirectionalbus.
 22. The handheld device of claim 18, wherein the processing unitfurther comprises: a second internal buffer configured to store limitedvalues for each counter, wherein the determination logic is furtherconfigured to determine whether to retrieve the limited counter valuesfrom the second buffer.
 23. The handheld device of claim 22, wherein thehandheld device is further configured to clear said memory and saidsecond internal buffer by resetting said indicator bit values from saidfirst internal buffer.
 24. The handheld device of claim 22, wherein theindicator bits of the first buffer include a value for indicating that avalue of the counter has not changed.
 25. The handheld device of claim22, wherein the indicator bits of the first buffer include a value forindicating that a value of the counter has to be retrieved from anexternal memory.
 26. The handheld device of claim 22, wherein theindicator bits of the first buffer include values for indicating a rangeof the second buffer from which the limited value of each counter isretrieved.
 27. The handheld device of claim 18, wherein the memory is anexternal memory configured to store counter values for each pixel to beprocessed.
 28. The handheld device of claim 18, wherein the memory is aninternal memory configured to store counter values for each pixel to beprocessed.
 29. The handheld device of claim 18, wherein a memory isconfigured to store complete counter values for each sub-pixel having acounter.
 30. The handheld device of claim 18, wherein the processor unitfurther comprises: an internal memory arranged to store a portion of thecomplete counter values.
 31. The handheld device of claim 30, whereinthe portion is a scan line.
 32. The handheld device of claim 30, whereinthe portion is a tile.
 33. The handheld device of claim 18, wherein thedevice comprises a handheld device.
 34. An apparatus for processingvector graphics primitives, the apparatus comprising: countersconfigured to store a value indicating a current state of a fill rulefor each of a sub-pixel sampling point for a pixel; a first internalbuffer configured to store at least one indicator bit value for eachpixel; and determination logic configured to determine whether toretrieve the counter value from a memory based on the indicator bitvalues, wherein the apparatus is further configured to clear said memoryby resetting said indicator bit values from said first internal buffer.35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the apparatus further comprisinga second internal buffer configured to store limited values for eachcounter, wherein the determination logic is further configured todetermine whether to retrieve the limited counter values from the secondbuffer and wherein the apparatus is further configured to clear saidmemory and said second internal buffer by resetting said indicator bitvalues from said first internal buffer.
 36. The apparatus of claim 34,where in the apparatus is further comprising a unidirectional bus forreceiving instructions.